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    dcterms:description """Raising a child is a happy, but complex journey filled with both joy and formidable challenges, necessitating the regulation of a wide array of emotions (Dix, 1991). Parents’ emotion regulation (ER) is not only essential for parents’ own well-being but also for shaping their parenting, and thus, their children’s socioemotional development (Leerkes &amp; Augustine, 2019; Rutherford et al., 2015). Yet, this critical aspect of parenting has often been examined as a general construct, neglecting the unique dynamics present in specific parenting contexts.
For a developing child, parental ER is a key mechanism through which parenting influences child outcomes. In a meta-analysis of 53 empirical studies (Zimmer-Gembeck et al., 2022), parents with better ER skills and fewer ER difficulties reported more positive parenting behaviors and had children with better ER skills and fewer internalizing symptoms. Parents who had more difficulties with ER reported less warmth, more hostility, and more unsupportive responses to their children’s negative emotions in their parenting. Despite the critical role of parental ER in shaping parenting behaviors and child outcomes, it is often researched as a general construct not specific to the parenting context. Given the demands of caring for a child, as well as the need for parents to effectively regulate their emotions while facilitating ER in their child, ER in the parenting context is unique from general ER skills (Rodriguez &amp; Shaffer, 2020; Rutherford et al., 2015). The Regulating Emotions in Parenting Scale (REPS; Rodriguez &amp; Shaffer, 2021), a novel measure of ER in the parenting context, ask parents to report on how they regulate their emotions during interactions with their children. REPS is more specific in measuring parent ER than general ER measures and may be more valid in predicting child outcomes, as evidenced by correlations of a greater magnitude between the REPS and child psychopathology, compared to general measures of ER.  
The journey of parenting for sexual and gender minority (SGM) parents is often compounded by societal pressures, including discrimination and legal challenges, which can exacerbate stress and hinder their ability to scaffold their children's emotional development (Havighurst &amp; Kehoe, 2017; Levitt et al., 2020; Shapiro et al., 2009). When parents are stressed, their ability to regulate their own emotions and scaffold their child’s ER may be readily compromised, decreasing supportive parenting behaviors and impacting child well-being (Moran et al., 2023). However, it is important to note that despite these stressors, SGM parents often successfully raise children who exhibit similar levels of psychosocial adjustment as those raised by cisgender and heterosexual parents (Goldberg et al., 2014). Given that the majority of parenting research has focused on hetero-cis-normative families, there remains a critical need for inclusive, reliable, and valid measures that capture how SGM parents navigate parenting, including their approaches to ER. Learning from the experiences and strategies of SGM parents can provide valuable insights that inform developmental science, enhancing our understanding of diverse parenting practices.
In light of the scarcity of valid and reliable ER measurement in SGM parents, as well as the research gap in the association between parental ER and child outcomes, we focus on measurement invariance, reliability, and validity of the REPS as applied to SGM parents (REPS; Rodriguez &amp; Shaffer, 2021). The overarching goal of this study is to test the psychometric properties of the REPS in SGM parents. Specifically, we first test measurement invariance of the REPS when applied to cisgender heterosexual parents, gender minority parents, and sexual minority parents. Second, we investigate the reliability, validity, and differential validity of REPS. By differential validity here we mean whether the REPS differentially predicts child psychopathology in SGM parents. Lastly, if configural and weak measurement invariance is established, we will compare the subscales of the REPS by SGM status. Improving measurement in this area can enhance intervention development, facilitate intervention tracking and progress, and help identify specific intervention targets. By addressing these critical gaps, we aim to deepen the understanding of ER across diverse family structures, ultimately guiding the development of targeted interventions and support strategies for SGM parents."""^^rdf:string ;
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