# data.attributes.resourceMetadata.description[].@value
Empathy towards political opponents is considered one of the most important factors in bridging political divides. However, empathy towards out-party members is rare, which is one of the reasons why there is more investment in empathy-building interventions than ever before. This intervention-based approach focuses primarily on how best to increase empathy towards political opponents. However, this often leaves out what actually reduces empathy towards political opponents. The effectiveness of promoting empathy toward political dissent depends on understanding the underlying barriers that impede it. Without this fundamental insight, achieving empathy across the political divide remains a daunting challenge, if not an unattainable goal. 

In this study, I therefore aim to shed light on what prevents people from empathizing with their political opponents. I argue that out-party empathy is reduced because partisans expect negative consequences for their behavior from their political in-group. The expected social costs, including the anticipation of negative evaluation, being branded a traitor, being punished, or even being ostracized, discourage people from understanding the thoughts and feelings of the other side. After all, empathizing with the other side suggests tolerance, a willingness to compromise, or even a willingness to change one's own opinion, and could legitimize the other side. This would be a betrayal and carries the risk of rejection by one's own side. In order to avoid such marginalization and not jeopardize their own status in the in-party, individuals refrain from showing any empathy with their opponents.

# data.attributes.resourceMetadata.isVersionOf[].title[].@value
Testing the Social Pressure Hypothesis: Does In-Party Social Pressure Reduce Out-Party Empathy?

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bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy

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bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy

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bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy

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bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy

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bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy

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bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy

# data.attributes.resourceMetadata.subject[].broader[].inScheme[].title[].@value
bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy

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bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy

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bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy

# data.attributes.resourceMetadata.subject[].broader[].inScheme[].title[].@value
bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy

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bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy

# data.attributes.resourceMetadata.title[].@value
The Social Costs of Empathy: Does The Anticipation of Social Sanctions Undermine People's Motivation to Understand Political Opponents?