more details...
- dcterms:issuedlanguage:en
Date Issued
- xsd:date
2026-01-28
- trove:focusIdentifier
https://osf.io/9jxfg
- dcterms:modifiedlanguage:en
Date Modified
language:enDate modified
- xsd:date
2026-01-28
- foaf:primaryTopic
primary topic
- ://osf.io/9jxfg
- trove:resourceMetadata
- osf:Preprint
Towards a Computational Framework for Psychological Formulation: Conceptual Principles
more details...
- dcterms:createdlanguage:en
Date Created
language:enDate created
2026-01-28
- dcterms:dateAcceptedlanguage:en
Date Accepted
language:enDate accepted
2026-01-28
- dcterms:dateSubmittedlanguage:en
Date Submitted
language:enDate submitted
2026-01-28
- dcterms:descriptionlanguage:en
Description
Case formulation plays a central role in psychological therapy, yet its narrative form limits empirical analysis and digital integration. This paper develops a theoretical framework that treats formulation as a structured representation of causal cognition—a generative process linking clinical observations to explanatory hypotheses. Drawing on advances in large language models (LLMs) and graph-based methods, it outlines a conceptual workflow for converting clinical text into machine-readable causal graphs constrained by psychological ontologies. The paper is conceptual in nature and employs simple worked examples to demonstrate how LLMs can identify causal information within narrative formulations and convert it into structured graphs. Within this framework, deep-learning semantic-similarity methods and graph-comparison metrics such as the Jaccard index—implemented in R—serve as illustrative demonstrations of how researchers might begin exploring causal representations using accessible tools, with more advanced graph-learning techniques offering promising directions for future work. Given the stochastic nature of LLMs and the evolving character of clinical reasoning, the aim is not traditional reliability testing but the development of representational principles that approximate clinicians’ explanatory models. Future systems may implement this interactively, prompting clinicians to confirm whether their reasoning has been accurately represented diagrammatically, thereby maintaining alignment between human judgement and its computational depiction. The paper’s contribution is therefore conceptual rather than empirical, offering foundational representational principles and a roadmap for integrating LLMs, graph analytics, and visual interfaces to support clinical reasoning, digital formulation tools, and the development of computational theories of psychological formulation.
- dcterms:identifierlanguage:en
Identifier
https://osf.io/9jxfg
- dcterms:modifiedlanguage:en
Date modified
language:enDate Modified
2026-01-28
- dcterms:titlelanguage:en
Title
Towards a Computational Framework for Psychological Formulation: Conceptual Principles
- osf:keywordlanguage:en
Tag
clinical reasoning
large language models
psychological case formulation
graph-based representations
mental health
artificial intelligence
causal cognition
- dcterms:creatorlanguage:en
Creator
more details...
- dcterms:identifierlanguage:en
Identifier
https://osf.io/kwvq3
- foaf:familyName
familyName
Zarnegar
- foaf:givenName
Given name
Armita
- foaf:namelanguage:en
Name
name
Armita Zarnegar
more details...
- dcterms:identifierlanguage:en
Identifier
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0949-767X
https://osf.io/wvudt
- foaf:familyName
familyName
Ludlow
- foaf:givenName
Given name
Chris
- foaf:namelanguage:en
Name
name
Chris Ludlow
- owl:sameAs
sameAs
- ://orcid.org/0000-0002-0949-767X
- dcterms:publisherlanguage:en
Publisher
language:enProvider
more details...
- dcterms:identifierlanguage:en
Identifier
https://psyarxiv.com/
https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv
- foaf:name
name
language:enName
PsyArXiv
- dcterms:rightslanguage:en
Rights
language:enLicense
CC-By Attribution 4.0 International
more details...
- dcterms:identifierlanguage:en
Identifier
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
- foaf:namelanguage:en
Name
name
CC-By Attribution 4.0 International
- dcterms:subjectlanguage:en
Subject
more details...
- skos:prefLabellanguage:en
preferred label
Cognitive Psychology
- skos:broaderlanguage:en
has broader
more details...
- skos:prefLabellanguage:en
preferred label
Psychology
- skos:broaderlanguage:en
has broader
more details...
- skos:prefLabellanguage:en
preferred label
Social and Behavioral Sciences
- skos:inSchemelanguage:en
is in scheme
more details...
- dcterms:titlelanguage:en
Title
bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy
- skos:inSchemelanguage:en
is in scheme
more details...
- dcterms:titlelanguage:en
Title
bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy
- skos:inSchemelanguage:en
is in scheme
more details...
- dcterms:titlelanguage:en
Title
bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy
more details...
- skos:prefLabellanguage:en
preferred label
Clinical Psychology
- skos:broaderlanguage:en
has broader
more details...
- skos:prefLabellanguage:en
preferred label
Psychology
- skos:broaderlanguage:en
has broader
more details...
- skos:prefLabellanguage:en
preferred label
Social and Behavioral Sciences
- skos:inSchemelanguage:en
is in scheme
more details...
- dcterms:titlelanguage:en
Title
bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy
- skos:inSchemelanguage:en
is in scheme
more details...
- dcterms:titlelanguage:en
Title
bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy
- skos:inSchemelanguage:en
is in scheme
more details...
- dcterms:titlelanguage:en
Title
bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy
more details...
- skos:prefLabellanguage:en
preferred label
Psychology
- skos:broaderlanguage:en
has broader
more details...
- skos:prefLabellanguage:en
preferred label
Social and Behavioral Sciences
- skos:inSchemelanguage:en
is in scheme
more details...
- dcterms:titlelanguage:en
Title
bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy
- skos:inSchemelanguage:en
is in scheme
more details...
- dcterms:titlelanguage:en
Title
bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy
more details...
- skos:prefLabellanguage:en
preferred label
Social and Behavioral Sciences
- skos:inSchemelanguage:en
is in scheme
more details...
- dcterms:titlelanguage:en
Title
bepress Digital Commons Three-Tiered Taxonomy
- dcterms:typelanguage:en
Resource type
language:enType
more details...
- rdfs:label
label
language:enLabel
- language:en
Preprint
- dcat:accessServicelanguage:es
servicio de acceso de datos
language:itservizio di accesso ai dati
language:dadataadgangstjeneste
language:endata access service
language:csslužba pro přístup k datům
more details...
- dcterms:identifierlanguage:en
Identifier
https://osf.io
- foaf:name
name
language:enName
OSF
- osf:hasDataResourcelanguage:en
Data
- ://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VWCS4
- osf:hasPreregisteredAnalysisPlanlanguage:en
Preregistered analysis plan
- ://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VWCS4
- osf:hasPreregisteredStudyDesignlanguage:en
Preregistered study design
- ://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VWCS4
- osf:hostingInstitution
more details...
- dcterms:identifierlanguage:en
Identifier
https://ror.org/05d5mza29
https://cos.io/
- foaf:name
name
language:enName
Center for Open Science
- owl:sameAs
sameAs
- ://ror.org/05d5mza29
- osf:isSupplementedBylanguage:en
Supplemental materials
- osf:Project
Investigating the Capability of Large Language Models to Identify Causal Relations in Psychiatric Case Studies: Implications for Psychological Formulation
more details...
- dcterms:createdlanguage:en
Date Created
language:enDate created
2024-01-24
- dcterms:identifierlanguage:en
Identifier
https://osf.io/vwcs4
https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VWCS4
- dcterms:titlelanguage:en
Title
Investigating the Capability of Large Language Models to Identify Causal Relations in Psychiatric Case Studies: Implications for Psychological Formulation
- dcterms:creatorlanguage:en
Creator
more details...
- dcterms:identifierlanguage:en
Identifier
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0949-767X
https://osf.io/wvudt
- foaf:familyName
familyName
Ludlow
- foaf:givenName
Given name
Chris
- foaf:name
name
language:enName
Chris Ludlow
- owl:sameAs
sameAs
- ://orcid.org/0000-0002-0949-767X
- dcterms:publisherlanguage:en
Provider
language:enPublisher
more details...
- dcterms:identifierlanguage:en
Identifier
https://osf.io
- foaf:namelanguage:en
Name
name
OSF
- owl:sameAs
sameAs
- ://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VWCS4
- osf:statedConflictOfInterestlanguage:en
Stated conflict of interest
- osf:no-conflict-of-interestlanguage:en
Creator asserts no conflict of interest.
- foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf
is primary topic of
- /trove/index-card/636d2773-7f7e-442f-9246-857a915b1822
- prov:qualifiedAttribution
qualifiedAttribution
- osf:order
- xsd:integer
1
- dcat:hadRolelanguage:it
tiene rol
language:cssehraná role
language:enhadRole
language:ithaRuolo
language:dahavde rolle
- osf:write-contributor
- prov:agent
agent
more details...
- dcterms:identifierlanguage:en
Identifier
https://osf.io/kwvq3
- foaf:familyName
familyName
Zarnegar
- foaf:givenName
Given name
Armita
- foaf:namelanguage:en
Name
name
Armita Zarnegar
- osf:order
- xsd:integer
0
- dcat:hadRolelanguage:cs
sehraná role
language:ittiene rol
language:ithaRuolo
language:dahavde rolle
language:enhadRole
- osf:admin-contributor
- prov:agent
agent
more details...
- dcterms:identifierlanguage:en
Identifier
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0949-767X
https://osf.io/wvudt
- foaf:familyName
familyName
Ludlow
- foaf:givenName
Given name
Chris
- foaf:namelanguage:en
Name
name
Chris Ludlow
- owl:sameAs
sameAs
- ://orcid.org/0000-0002-0949-767X