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Young children show sensitivity to others’ emotions, discriminating between facial expressions and using them to help guide their behavior. Beyond providing information about how others are feeling, emotional expressions also can support inferences about the non-social world. Here, in four experiments, we investigated 18- to 28-month-olds’ ability to reason about physical objects using others’ emotional responses. We found that 24- to 26-month-old children successfully used an agent’s incongruent emotional responses (“Yay! Yuck!”) to infer that multiple hidden objects must be hidden in a box (Experiment 1). When two different agents produced these incongruent emotional responses, children did not infer the presence of multiple objects (Experiment 2), implicating early recognition that different people can have different emotions towards the same entity. Younger, 20-month-old children failed to use incongruent emotional responses to make inferences about hidden objects (Experiment 3), although they succeeded at using contrasting words (“A blick! A fep!”) in an otherwise identical task (Experiment 4). These results show that by 2 years of age, children can use the emotional responses produced by others around them to reason about hidden objects.

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“Yay! Yuck!” Toddlers use incongruent emotions to reason about hidden objects

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“Yay! Yuck!” Toddlers use others’ emotional responses to reason about hidden objects